A research on ca mrsa and its prevention

Treating the infection depends on the level of severity. The most serious MRSA infections are treated in the hospital or a long term care facility. In these cases, supplemental oxygen and intravenous medication may be part of the treatment.

Description Gram-stained Staphylococcus aureus. The most notorious strain of Staphylococcus aureus was identified in the 's and is known as the methicillin resistant strain, commonly known for causing mild to severe skin infections resulting in death if not treated promptly [5].

Pathogenesis Transmission Since S. Because the bacterium is nonmotile, S.

MRSA is typically spread from human-to-human by the hands. This bacterium is most commonly transmitted horizontally rather than vertically [4]. Infectious dose, incubation, and colonization S.

In most cases, S. When ingested, the infectious dose of S. The infectious dose and incubation period for other types of S. Roughly 24 drug users and 16 nonusers were infected. Virulence factors Virulence factors of S.

Pathogenesis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. These surface proteins typically promote attachment to laminin and fibronectin. Most strains also express a clumping factor, coagulase, that promotes attachment to blood clots and traumatized tissue.

Fibronectin and fibrinogen-binding proteins are also produced by S. Mutations of these proteins that have been studied drastically decrease the bacteria's virulence. Adhesins that bind to collagen are significant in infections that cause osteomyelitis.

Once the bacteria have adhered, they can secrete a biofilm that make them difficult to eradicate [8].

A simple intervention

Invasion Invasins help to promote bacterial spread within the tissues of the body. Alpha toxin is the most characterized and potent membrane-damaging toxin secreted by S. It is originally expressed as a monomer that binds to the surface of susceptible cells before becoming oligamerized into a heptomeric ring that causes a pore in the membrane of the attacked cell, which causes the contents of the cell to leak out.

Platelets and monocytes are especially susceptible to this toxin. It is not often expressed in human isolated strains of the bacteria [8]. This correlation suggests that the toxin is a large component of necrotizing skin infections. Leukocidin forms a hetero-oligameric transmembrane pore made from four LukF and four LukS subunits.

Antibiotic-resistant staph bacteria are most common cause of skin infections seen in U.S.

This toxin is hemolytic, but not as hemolytic as alpha toxin. FAME may be important for virulence in abscesses, where it could prolong bacterial survival by modifying anti-bacterial lipids in the cell [8]. Avoidance To avoid the immune system, S.

Strains of the bacteria isolated from infections have been found to produce this capsule in high amounts. This capsule helps the bacteria evade phagocytosis in the absence of complement. Protein A is an Fc receptor on the surface of the pathogen that specifically binds IgG antibody in the wrong orientation.

This incorrect orientation of the antibody disrupts opsonization and phagocytosis of the bacteria, allowing it to evade the immune system.

Leukocidin also helps in avoidance of the immune system, as acts specifically on phagocytic cells called polymorphonuclear leukocytes [8]. Toxins Mechanism of superantigen toxins of S. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology [5] This bacterium produces several toxins. A few are listed above, such as invasion toxins.

Resistance Through many generations, Staphylococcus aureus has developed a wide variety of antibiotic resistance. The most commonly known resistance is that of methicillin like antimicrobials.

These antimicrobials typically prevent the synthesis of the bacteria's cell wall. This gene is carried on a mobile Staphylococcal cassette chromosome SCC. The SCC carries a variety of genes that lend themselves to antibiotic resistance and are usually transmitted both vertically and horizontally across S.

Instead of producing normal PBP-2, the enzyme responsible for catalyzing peptidoglycan cross-linking, the bacteria begin to produce PBP-2A. Therefore, PBP-2A is not inhibited by the antibiotic [5].The number of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in correctional facilities around the country has been increasing.

Considering the potential health impact of MRSA, it is important that correctional facilities have prevention and control protocols in place. The study. What information supports the research on Gram positive bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, e.g., case-control studies and case series?

Multiple cohort studies have been performed in a variety of patient populations with the goal of establishing a rule to predict which patients are at high risk for MRSA . Prevention and control of MRSA is a multidisciplinary task, involving surveillance, patient screening, decolonisation, isolation and cohorting of patients, environmental cleaning, antimicrobial stewardship, maintaining adequate staffing levels and hand hygiene.

CA-MRSA. An update regardbouddhiste.com MD What Are Staphylococcus aureus? Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacteria normally found on the. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a hot topic both in the healthcare arena and at the dinner table.

News reports have alerted the general public about this infection and its potentially dire implications. also spread the bacteria into the community after their working hours, causing CA-MRSA.

Therefore, it is important to know the MRSA carriage rate of this medical and healthcare professional in order to prevent a widespread of the bacteria.